Locomotion in Animals – S4 Biology Notes

These teacher-prepared Senior Four Biology notes cover locomotion in animals. They start with why organisms move and the main forms of locomotion, then compare hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons and endoskeletons. The human skeleton is covered in detail, including the skull, each type of vertebra, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, ribs, and the bones of the pentadactyl limbs. Learners also compare bone with cartilage, study the types of joints and the parts of synovial joints, and learn the features of smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle. The notes explain how antagonistic muscles bend and straighten the arm, how a grasshopper hops, and how insects use direct and indirect flight muscles. Practical activities and diagram tasks are included.