S4 Biology Notes: Growth and Development

These Senior 4 Biology notes explain growth and development in living organisms. They start by defining growth and development, then cover cell division, cell elongation and the parameters used to measure growth. The plant section looks at bean and maize seed structure, the conditions seeds need to germinate, epigeal and hypogeal germination, and the causes of seed dormancy and ways to break it. It also covers meristems, primary growth regions and secondary thickening. In the animal section, learners study continuous and discontinuous growth and the phases of the sigmoid growth curve. The notes include described experiments and activities with practice questions to help learners revise.